CIS Research

Idwan, Sahar, Junaid Ahmed Zubairi, Syed Ali Haider and Wael Al Etaiwi. “Reactive Traffic Congestion Control by Using a Hierarchical Graph.” J. Univers. Comput. Sci. 30 (2024): 449-461.

Haider, S.A., Zubairi, J.A. & Idwan, S. Mapping and just-in-time traffic congestion mitigation for emergency vehicles in smart cities. Springer Computing (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-024-01345-3

Shahin Mehdipour Ataee, "A frame and first-order logic solution for the Wumpus World: Implemented in Flora-2", Expert Systems with Applications, 2023, 119717, ISSN 0957-4174, doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119717.

Muhammad Zeeshan, Qaiser Riaz, Muhammad A Bilal, Muhammad K Shahzad, Hajira Jabeen, Syed Ali Haider, Azizur Rahman, "Protocol Based Deep Intrusion Detection for DoS and DDoS attacks using UNSW-NB15 and Bot-IoT data-sets", IEEE Access (2022), 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3137201

Junaid A. Zubairi, S. Idwan, Syed Ali Haider and D. Hurtgen, "Smart City Traffic Management for Reducing Congestion," 2022 IEEE 19th International Conference on Smart Communities: Improving Quality of Life Using ICT, IoT and AI (HONET), Marietta, GA, USA, 2022, pp. 225-230, doi: 10.1109/HONET56683.2022.10018963.

H. Zelenak and S. Mehdipour Ataee, "Identifying Periodic Signal Patterns in Audio Streams," 2022 IEEE Western New York Image and Signal Processing Workshop (WNYISPW), Rochester, NY, USA, 2022, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/WNYISPW57858.2022.9983495.

Muhammad Ahmad Bilal, Qaiser Riaz, Muhammad Zeeshan, Hasan Tahir, Syed Ali Haider, Muhammad Khan, “Intrusion detection in Internet of Things using Supervised Machine Learning based on Application and Transport Layer Features using UNSW-NB15 data-set”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2021)

Muhammad S. Khan, Mohamed Ibrahim, Syed Ali Haider, “Performance Prediction of Computer Science Students in Capstone Software Engineering Course through Educational Data Mining”, ASEE Annual Conference 2021

S. Idwan, I. Mahmood, J. Zubairi and I. Matar, “Optimal Management of Solid Waste in Smart Cities using Internet of Things” ISI/ESCI-indexed Springer Wireless Personal Communications Journal, Issue 1/2020, Print ISSN: 0929-6212

B. Koc, Z. Arnavut, S. Voronin and H. Koçak, "Near-lossless Image Compression with Parity Reduction,"  2020 IEEE 24th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES), Reykjavík, Iceland, 2020, pp. 225-230 .

Muhammad S. Khan, Rajvardhan Patil, Syed Ali Haider, “Application of Convolutional Neural Networks For Wild Fire Detection”, IEEE SoutheastCon (2020)

Saffeer M. Khan, Syed Ali Haider , Ishaq Unwala, Nansong Wu, Kaimen Zeng, “A Deep Learning Based Classifier for Crack Detection with Robots in Underground Pipes”, 17th IEEE HONET 2020, pp 78-81

I. Mahmood and J. Zubairi, “Enabling Internet of Things Based Waste Management and Recycling in Smart Cities”, IEEE Electrification Magazine September 2019, Pages 33-43.

J. A. Zubairi, "Your Flight Data is on Us!!”, 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart Cities: Improving Quality of Life Using ICT & IoT and AI (HONET-ICT), Charlotte, NC, USA, 2019, pp. 241-243, doi: 10.1109/HONET.2019.8908019, IEEE Digital Library

Koc, B., K., Arnavut, Z., Sarkar, D., and Kocak, H., “Technique for lossless compression of color images based on hierarchical prediction, inversion, and context adaptive coding”, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 28(5), September 2019.

B. Koc, Z. Arnavut, D. Sarkar and H. Kocak, "A New Technique for Lossless Compression of Color Images Based on Hierarchical Prediction, Inversion and Context Adaptive Coding," 2019 Data Compression Conference (DCC), Snowbird, UT, USA, 2019

S. Misbahuddin, J. Zubairi, M. Malik and A. Al-Ahdal, “IoT based Ambulatory Vital Signs Data Transfer System”, Scopus indexed Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2018(11):1-8 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4071474 Nov 2018

I. Mahmood, S. Idwan, I. Matar and J. A. Zubairi, "Experiments in Routing Vehicles for Municipal Services", 2018 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS), Orleans, 2018, pp. 993-999, doi: 10.1109/HPCS.2018.00156, IEEE Digital Library

Koc, B., Arnavut, Z., Sarkar, D., Kocak, H., “Energy-aware transfer of compressed data on MSP432 family of microcontrollers," 16th International Conference on Clean Energy (ICCE), 2018

Wavelet analysis of particle density functions in nucleus-nucleus interactions, S. K. Manna, P. K. Haldar, P. Mali, A. Mukhopadhyay and G. Singh, Int. J. of Mod. Phys., E27, Issue 01, 1850009 (2018)

Multifractal analysis of multiparticle emission data in the framework of visibility graph and sandbox algorithm, P. Mali, S. Manna, A. Mukhopadhyay, P. Haldar, and G. Singh, Published online November 03, 2017, and Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol 493, pp. 253-266 (2018).

J. Zubairi and S. Idwan , “Smart Algorithms for Patient Assignments in Disasters", ISI/ESCI-indexed Elsevier ICT Express Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2017.05.005 June 2017

B. Koc, Z. Arnavut, D. Sarkar and H. Kocak, "Splitting bits for lossless compression of microarray images," 2017 14th International Conference on Smart Cities: Improving Quality of Life Using ICT & IoT (HONET-ICT), Irbid, 2017, pp. 53-56

Multifractal analysis of charged particle distributions using horizontal visibility graphs and sandbox algorithm, P. Mali, S. Manna, P. Haldar, A. Mukhopadhyay, and G. Singh, Modern Physics Letters A, Vol. 32, No. 8, (2017) 1750024 (10 pages).

Detrended analysis of shower track distribution in nucleus-nucleus interactions at CERN SPS energy" by P. Mali, S. Manna, P. Haldar, A. Mukhopadhyay, and G. Singh, Journal of Chaos, Solitons and Fractals: Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena, Vol. 94, pp 86-94 (2017).

Multifractal detrended moving average analysis of particle density functions in relativistic nuclear collisions, P. Mali, A. Mukhopadhyay, and G. Singh, Physica A 450, 323-332 (2016).

Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of particle density fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions, P. Mali, A. Mukhopadhyay, S. Sarkar, S. Ghosh and G. Singh, Physica A 424, 25-33 (2015).

Azimuthal correlation and collective behavior in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions, P. Mali, A. Mukhopadhyay, S. Sarkar and G. Singh, ISSN 1063-7788, Phys. Atom. Nuclei, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 258–267 (2015

August 1, 2013 through July 31, 2014

Arnavut, Ziya (Full Professor)

Conference Proceeding

Arnavut, Z., Koc, B., & Kocak, H. (2013). Parallel lossless compression of color-mapped images. (pp. 131-135). IEEE High Capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies (HONET-CNS), 2013, 10th International Conference.

Journal Article

Arnavut, Z., Koc, B., & Kocak, H. (2013). Lossless Compression of Dithered Images. IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 5. No: 3, Article No. 6800508, (8 pages)

Barneva, Reneta (Full Professor)

Edited Book

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V., & Slapal, J. (2014). Combinatorial Image Analysis. (pp. 271). Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer.

Conference Proceeding

Barneva, R. P., Kanev, K., & Mochiduki, S. (2013). Position Encoding and Localization with Environmental Patterns. (pp. 43-46). IEEE Western New York Image Processing Workshop.

Edited Journal Special Issue

Brimkov, V., & Barneva, R. P. (2013). Selected Topics of Combinatorial Image Analysis. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, Taylor and Francis, Vol. 90(8), 2013, 192 pages.

Singh, Gurmukh (Visiting Assistant Professor)

Journal Article

Singh, G. (2014), Azimuthal structure of charged particle emission in 28Si-Ag/Br interaction at 14.5A GeV and 32S-Ag/Br interaction at 200A GeV, World Scientific Publishing Company, 23(5), 1450027 (18 pages). http://www.WorldScientific.com

Singh, G. (2013). Wavelet analysis of shower track distribution in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. Advances in High Energy Physics, Research Article 759176 (2013), 1-19.

Tsetse, Anthony (Assistant Professor)

Journal Article

Rawal, B., Ramcharan, H., & Tsetse, A. K. (2014). Augmented Split –protocol; An Ultimate DDoS Defender. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.4, No.1, February 2014, 4(1).

Zubairi, Junaid A. (Full Professor)

Conference Proceeding

Zubairi, J. A., & Mahboob, A. (2014). Securing SCADA Systems with Open Source Software.

August 1, 2012 through July 31, 2013

Book, Scholarly - Edited

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V., & Aggarwal, J. K. (2012). Combinatorial Image Analysis. (pp. 313). Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer.

Conference Proceeding

Barneva, R. P. (2013). In Georgi Totkov, Ivan Koychev (Eds.), Education in computer science and the role of the teacher in the environment of open educational resources. (pp. 11-26). The Education and Scientific Research in the Information Society.

Inoue, T., Mochiduki, S., Kanev, K., & Barneva, R. P. (2013). Environmental Encoding Pattern Recognition and Localization with Mobile Devices. (pp. ID 17). Research University of Electronics, Shizuoka University.

Barneva, R. P. (2013). Space and Time Efficient Algorithms in Imaging Sciences. (pp. ID 18). Research University of Electronics, Shizuoka University.

Singh, Gurmukh (Visiting Assistant Professor)

Book Review

Singh, G. (2012). Introduction to Information Systems, The Pearson Custom Program for CIS. (pp. 594). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. http://www.prenhall.com

Singh, G. (2012). Starting Out with Visual Basic 2010, 5th edition. (5th ed., pp. 869). New York, NY: Prentice Hall. http://www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddisvb

Conference Proceeding

Singh, G. (2012). In Farhat Surve (Ed.), Computer Simulations to Model Natural Phenomena in Science and Medical Education. (pp. 8-15). Excel India Publishers, New Delhi: International Conference on Perspective of Computer Confluence with Sciences ( ICPCCS2012).

Singh, G., & Siddiqui, K. J. (2012). Computer Simulations of Genetics Laws. (pp. 75-79). Excel India Publishers, New Delhi: "International Conference on Perspective of Computer Confluence with Sciences" (ICPCCS2012).

Journal Article, Professional Journal

Kumar, A., Singh, G., Singh, B. K. (2013) Systematic study of multiparticle production in nucleus–nucleus interactions at 14.6 A Ge, Journal of Physics, Indian Academy of Sciences, Pramana-Springer, Vol. 81(1), pp. 103-115

Singh, G. (2012). Multifractal analysis of charged particle distribution in 28Si-Ag/Br interaction at 14.5A GeV. Journal of Fractals, 20(3), 1-13.

Zubairi, Junaid A. (Full Professor)

Conference Proceeding

Zubairi, J. A., & Er, A. (2012). Fault Tolerant Aviation Data Tracker Design System. IEEE HONET 2012.

August 1, 2011 through July 31, 2012

Arnavut, Ziya (Full Professor)

Conference Proceedings

Arnavut, Z., & Koc, B. In Mo Jamshidi, University of Texas San Antonio, USA (Eds.), Application of Pseudo-distance to Lossless Coding of Color-mapped Images. (pp. 220-224). New York, NY: IEEE.

Barneva, Reneta (Full Professor)

Edited Book

Brimkov, V., & Barneva, R. P. Digital Geometry Algorithms. Theoretical Foundations and Applications to Computational Imaging. (pp. 428 pages). Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer.

Journal Articles

Brimkov, V., Barneva, R. P., & Brimkov, B. (2011). Connected distance-based rasterization of objects in arbitrary dimension. Graphical Models, 76(6), 323-334.

Brimkov, V., & Barneva, R. P. (2011). Computational modeling of objects represented in images. Graphical Models, 76(6), 311-312.

Conference Proceedings

Kanev, K., Kato, H., Barneva, R. P., Fu, Z., & Kimura, S. (2012). Environmental Codes for Autonomous Position Determination. (pp. 282-287). The Seventh International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Society, ISBN: 978-1-61208-202-8

Edited Journal Special Issue

Brimkov, V., & Barneva, R. P. (2011). CompIMAGE. Graphical Models, 76(6), 65 pages.

Olson, Robert B. W. (Visiting Faculty)

Conference Proceedings

Misbahuddin, S., Olson, R., Zubairi, J.A., Irfan, M., Arif, S.M., Mansoor, S., Saeed, S., Irfan, Z., (2012). Client-Server Based Transmission Scheme over GSM Network for MEDTOC with Patient Classification. IEEE CTS 2012 conference, pp. 176-179.

Singh, Gurmukh (Visiting Assistant Professor)

Journal Articles

Singh, G. (2012). Computer Simulations of Quantum Theory of Hydrogen Atom For Natural Science Education Students in a Virtual Lab. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 40(3), 273-286.

Singh, G. (2012). Factorial correlator and short range correlation of charged particles produced in 28Si-Ag/Br interaction at 14.5A GeV. Physica Scripta, 85, 065202 (8pp).

Singh, G. (2012). Self-affine two dimensional intermittency in 28-Si-Ag/Br interaction at 14.5A GeV. Acta Physica Polonica, 43(3), 463-479. http://www.actaphys.uj.edu.pl/vol43/abs/v43p0463.htm

Singh, G. (2012). Study of Projectile Helium (Z = 2) Fragments Produced in Nucleus–Nucleus Interactions at 14.6 A GeV. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 81, 044201-6pp.

Singh, G. (2011). Intermittency and erraticity of charged particles produced in 28^Si-Ag/Br interaction at 14.5A GeV. Canadian Journal of Physics, 89(9), 949-960.

Book Reviews

Singh, G. (2012). Introduction to Information Systems, The Pearson Custom Program for CIS. (pp. 594). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Singh, G. (2012). Experiencing MIS. (4th ed., pp. Almost 700). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. http://www.pearsonhighered.com

Broadcast Media

Singh, G. (2012). Professor Involved in Scholarly and Teaching Work. Dunkirk, NY: Dunkirk Observer. 

Zubairi, Junaid A. (Full Professor)

Edited Book

Zubairi, J. A., & Mahboob, A. (Eds.) (2011). Cyber Security Standards, Practices and Industrial Applications: Systems and Methodologies. IGI Global.

Book Chapter

Zubairi, J. A., Malik, A., Mahboob, A., & Khan, A. (2011). Application of Cyber Security in Emerging C4ISR Systems. In: Junaid Zubairi and Athar Mahboob (Eds.), Cyber Security Standards, Practices and Industrial Applications: Systems and Methodologies. (1st ed., vol. 1). IGI Global. pp. 223-258

Journal Articles

Zubairi, J. A., Zafar, M., & Khanum, A. (2011). Automated Traffic Engineering with Adaptive Inter-Class Mixing. EURASIP Journal, pp. 1-9.

Conference Proceedings

Zubairi, J. A., & Ozgun, A. (2011). Monitoring for SLA Compliance in Customer Edge Network. (vol. 8th). IEEE Digital Library HONET Proceedings, pp. 76-79.

*Misbahuddin, S., Olson, R., Zubairi, J.A., Irfan, M., Arif, S.M., Mansoor, S., Saeed, S., Irfan, Z., (2012). Client-Server Based Transmission Scheme over GSM Network for MEDTOC with Patient Classification. IEEE CTS 2012 conference, pp. 176-179.

Book Reviews

Zubairi, J. A. (2012). Forouzan Computer Networks Book McGraw Hill.

Zubairi, J. A. (2012). Forouzan Data Comm and Networking Book McGraw Hill.

Note: These are the books and articles that appeared in the above period. Some papers are co-authored by two or more department members and thus are listed twice. The second appearance is marked with an asterisk(*).

Barneva, Reneta (Full Professor)

Conference Proceedings

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V. E., Kanev, K. (2011). Direct-Access Pattern Interface: Theoretical Developments and Applications (p. 41). Buffalo, NY: University at Buffalo (extended abstract).

Edited Book

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V. E., Koroutchev, K., Korutcheva, E. (2011). Advances in Image Analysis and Applications (pp. 145). Singapore: Research Publishing Services.

Aggarwal, J. K., Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V. E., Koroutchev, K., Korutcheva, E. (2011). Computational Image Analysis (vol. 6636, pp. 499). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.

Edited Journal Special Issue

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V., Wiederhold, P. (2011). Combinatorial problems and algorithms in image analysis (vol. 21, issue 1, pp. 119). International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology (Wiley).

Brimkov, V., Barneva, R. P., Wiederhold, P. (2011). Theoretical Computer Science Issues in Image Analysis and Processing (vol. 412, issue 15, pp. 143). Amsterdam: Theoretical Computer Science (Elsevier).

Journal Article, Academic Journal

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, B. (2011). How computer science develops mathematical skills. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (ACM), 26(6), 170-172.

Barneva, R. P., Brimkov, V., Wiederhold, P. (2011). Combinatorial problems and algorithms in image analysis (Guest editorial). International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology (Wiley), 21(1), 1-2.

Brimkov, V., Barneva, R. P., Wiederhold, P. (2011). Theoretical Computer Science Issues in Image Analysis and Processing - Preface. Theoretical Computer Science (Elsevier), 412(15), 1299-1300.

Olson, Robert (Lecturer)

Conference Proceedings

Olson, R. (2010). An Analysis of Discrete Computing Structures: Re-Evaluating Implementation (pp. 132-136). Aizu, Japan: 13th International Conference on Humans and Computers – HC 2010.

Pingitore, Andrew (Lecturer)

Book

Pingitore, A. (2011) Excel Companion for Introductory Statistics, 7th Edition by Prem S. Mann. Available online at: http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=5346&itemId=0470444665&resourceId=21830.

Pingitore, Andrew (2011) Excel Companion for Statistics: Principles and Methods, 6th Edition by Richard A. Johnson, Wiley. Available online at http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=5261&itemId=0470409274&resourceId=21827.

Pingitore, A. (2011) Excel Companion for Statistics: From Data to Decision, 2nd Edition by Ann E. Watkins, Richard L. Scheaffer, and George W. Cobb, Wiley. Available online at http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=5544&itemId=0470458518&resourceId=21137.

Pingitore, A. (2010) Spreadsheet Manual to Accompany Finite Mathematics: An Applied Approach, 11th Edition by Michael Sullivan, Wiley. Available online at http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=6081&itemId=0470458275&resourceId=22367.

Siddiqui, Khalid J. (Full Professor)

Conference Proceedings

Singh, G., Siddiqui, K. J. (2011). Optimum Course Design Methodology for Effective Online Teaching/Learning on ANGEL Server (pp. 34). Oneonta, NY: CIT-2011, SUNY Oneonta, NY, May 24-27, 2011.

Siddiqui, K. J., Singh, G. (2011). In V. Snasel, J. Platos, and E. El-Qawasmeh (Ed.), Educational Technology Eroding National Borders (Vol. 188, Part I, pp. 342-355). Heidelberg: Lecture Notes in Computer Science: The International Conference on Digital Information Processing and Communication, Springer.

Journal Article, Academic Journal

Singh, G., Siddiqui, K. J., Singh, M., Singh, S. (2010). Modeling Mendel's Laws on Inheritance in Computational Biology and Medical Sciences. Educational Technology Systems, 39(1), 31-46.

Note: this paper was already listed in last year individual annual report.

Singh, Gurmukh (Visiting Assistant Professor)

Conference Proceedings

*Singh, G., Siddiqui, K. J. (2011). Optimum Course Design Methodology for Effective Online Teaching/Learning on ANGEL Server (pp. 34). Oneonta, NY: CIT-2011, SUNY Oneonta, NY, May 24-27, 2011.

*Siddiqui, K. J., Singh, G. (2011). In V. Snasel, J. Platos, and E. El-Qawasmeh (Ed.), Educational Technology Eroding National Borders (Vol. 188, Part I, pp. 342-355). Heidelberg: Lecture Notes in Computer Science: The International Conference on Digital Information Processing and Communication, Springer.

Singh, G. (2011). Role of Modern Technology in the Education of Natural Sciences (pp. 4). Albany, NY, May 16-17, 2011: Proceeding of the 1st Annual Technologies in Education Conference, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY.

Singh, G. (2011). Use of the ANGEL Course Management System in Higher Online Education (pp. 14). Albany, NY, May 16-17, 2011: Proceeding of the 1st Annual Technologies in Education Conference, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY.

Singh, G. (2010) Evidence of Dynamical Fluctuation of Emission of Pions Produced in Ultra-relativistic Nuclear Collisions at 200A GeV/c for Different Projectiles (pp. 610-611). DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, Pilani, India: Birla Institute of Technology & Science.

Singh, G. (2010) Factorial Correlator in 28Si-Ag/Br Collision at 14:5A GeV/c (pp. 618-619). DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, Pilani, India: Birla Institute of Technology & Science.

Singh, G. (2010) Intermittency in 28Si-Ag/Br Interaction at 14:5A GeV/c (pp. 616-617). DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, Pilani, India: Birla Institute of Technology & Science.

Singh, G. (2010) Jet-structure in 16O-Ag/Br interaction at 200A GeV/c (pp. 612-613). DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, Pilani, India: Birla Institute of Technology & Science.

Singh, G. (2010) Good Course Design Technique for Effective Online Teaching (p. 14) 4th Teaching and Learning Conference, Fredonia, NY: SUNY at Fredonia.

Journal Article, Academic Journal

Singh, G. (2011). Ring and jet-like structure and two-dimensional intermittency in nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200A GeV/c. Nuclear Physics A, 858(2011), 67-85. www.sciencedirect.com

*Singh, G., Siddiqui, K. J., Singh, M., Singh, S. (2010). Modeling Mendel's Laws on Inheritance in Computational Biology and Medical Sciences. Educational Technology Systems, 39(1), 31-46.

Singh, G. (2010). Centrality dependence of nonstatistical fluctuation in single particle density distribution in 32^S-Ag/Br interactions at 200A GeV/c. International Journal of Modern Physics, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., 19(11), 2229-2246. www.worldscientific.com/

Singh, G. (2010). Intermittency and related issues in 16^O-Ag/Br collision at 200A GeV/c. Canadian Journal of Physics, 88(8), 575-584

Zubairi, Junaid (Associate Professor)

Conference Proceedings

Misbahuddin, S., Zubairi, J. A., Mubin, T., Pur, H. (2011). Modeling of Patient Data Transmission Scheme over MPI Based Cluster. (pp. 296-300) IEEE. Collaborative Technologies and Systems - CTS 2011: Philadelphia.